Medication for alzheimer - This can help keep a person with dementia on track regarding taking the correct medications. The Alzheimer’s Association states that doctors may prescribe lorazepam and oxazepam to treat anxiety ...

 
The Food and Drug Administration on Monday approved Biogen ’s Alzheimer’s disease drug aducanumab, making it the first medication cleared by U.S. regulators to slow cognitive decline in people .... Is panera open new year

Drugmaker reverses course, plans to seek FDA approval for Alzheimer's treatment. In July 2020, Biogen completed its submission to the FDA for a Biologics License Application for approval of the drug.Matt York/AP. The Food and Drug Administration approved the drug aducanumab to treat patients with Alzheimer's disease on Monday. It is the first new drug approved by the agency for Alzheimer's ...Huperzine A. Huperzine A (pronounced HOOP-ur-zeen) is a moss extract that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. It has properties similar to those of cholinesterase inhibitors, one class of FDA-approved Alzheimer's medications. As a result, it is promoted as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease. There are three drugs of this type: donepezil ( Aricept ), galantamine ( Razadyne ), and rivastigmine ( Exelon ). Aricept is the only treatment approved by the FDA for all stages of Alzheimer’s ...Alzheimer's disease ( AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens, [2] and is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. [2] [10] The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. [1] As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation ... The side effects usually get better after 2 weeks of taking the medication. Memantine. This medicine is not an AChE inhibitor. It works by blocking the effects of an excessive amount of a chemical in the brain called glutamate. Memantine is used for moderate or severe Alzheimer's disease. It's suitable for those who cannot take or are unable to ... Aug 25, 2021 · Allow the medicine a few weeks to take effect. It is recommended that people with Alzheimer's should NOT take anticholinergic drugs. These drugs are used to treat many medical problems such as sleeping problems, stomach cramps, incontinence, asthma, motion sickness, and muscle spasms. Side effects, such as confusion, can be serious for a person ... Jun 1, 2020 · Whether you’re caring for someone with Alzheimer’s disease or another dementia diagnosis, medication can help keep individuals calm and reduce their stress and anxiety. Let’s take a closer look at the different types of drugs that are used in Alzheimer’s care and other dementia cases. Preventing Pain Evidence Summary. A 2018 meta-analysis examining medications used to alleviate agitation in all types of dementia included 36 RCTs with a total of 5,585 participants (mean age = 81.8 years ± 4.9 ...Create a calm place for them. Cut out background noise from the TV or radio, clear away clutter, and make their daily tasks as simple as possible. Check for physical reasons they might be agitated ... In the early stages of Alzheimer's, the person with dementia may need help remembering to take medications. As a caregiver, you may find it helpful to: Use a pill box organizer. Using a pill box or keeping a daily list or calendar can help ensure medication is taken as prescribed. Develop a routine for giving the medication.Medications are one option. Adlarity (donepezil patches) and Aduhelm (aducanumab) have made headlines recently, but several other medications treat Alzheimer’s-related dementia. A 30-day supply of donepezil tablets, the most common medication for Alzheimer’s-related dementia, costs as low as $4 with a free GoodRx coupon.FDA-approved drugs for Alzheimer's. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved medications that fall into two categories: drugs that change disease progression in people living with Alzheimer’s, and drugs that may temporarily mitigate some symptoms of the disease. Treatments may be available in different forms (pill, patch or ...Even though the chief cause of behavioral symptoms is the effect of Alzheimer's disease on the brain, an examination may reveal other treatable conditions that are contributing to the behavior. Contributing conditions may include: Drug side effects. Many people with Alzheimer's take prescription medications for other health issues. EVIDENCE-BASED ANSWER: ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS ARE EFFECTIVE; so are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and they may be safer. Atypical antipsychotics are an effective short-term (6-12 weeks) treatment for aggressive behavior in patients with Alzheimer’s disease because they consistently decrease aggression scores (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, multiple randomized ... Create a calm place for them. Cut out background noise from the TV or radio, clear away clutter, and make their daily tasks as simple as possible. Check for physical reasons they might be agitated ...The Food and Drug Administration on Thursday fully approved the Alzheimer’s drug Leqembi, amid concerns about its safety, cost and accessibility. The move marks the first time that a drug meant ...Jan 6, 2023 · According to the company's phase 3 trial data, about 12.6 % of patients who received the medication experienced brain swelling, compared with just 1.7% of those in the placebo group.About 17% of ... Matt York/AP. The Food and Drug Administration approved the drug aducanumab to treat patients with Alzheimer's disease on Monday. It is the first new drug approved by the agency for Alzheimer's ...Jun 7, 2021 · Matt York/AP. The Food and Drug Administration approved the drug aducanumab to treat patients with Alzheimer's disease on Monday. It is the first new drug approved by the agency for Alzheimer's ... There are three drugs of this type: donepezil ( Aricept ), galantamine ( Razadyne ), and rivastigmine ( Exelon ). Aricept is the only treatment approved by the FDA for all stages of Alzheimer’s ...Rivastigmine transdermal patches are used to treat dementia (a brain disorder that affects the ability to remember, think clearly, communicate, and perform daily activities and may cause changes in mood and personality) in people with Alzheimer's disease (a brain disease that slowly destroys the memory and the ability to think, learn, communicate and handle daily activities).Non-drug approaches to changes in mood and behaviour. It is common for people with dementia to develop changes in mood and behaviour. In most cases, with the right person-centred care and support, these changes will pass. Non-drug approaches that should always be tried first. Read more. These medicines include: Donepezil ( Aricept) Galantamine ( Razadyne, Razadyne ER, Reminyl) Rivastigmine ( Exelon) What to expect: Most people with Alzheimer’s who take one of these medications ...Aug 30, 2023 · Some of the treatments that have been studied recently include: Vitamin E. Although vitamin E doesn't prevent Alzheimer's, taking 2,000 international units daily may help delay symptoms getting worse in people who ... Omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids in fish or from supplements may lower the ... There are three types of cholinesterase inhibitor medications currently approved and prescribed to treat Alzheimer's disease: Aricept (donepezil): Approved for mild, moderate, and severe Alzheimer's. Exelon (rivastigmine): Approved for mild to moderate Alzheimer's. Razadyne (galantamine): Approved for mild to moderate Alzheimer's.Downloadable Resources for Patients and Caregivers. Educate and connect patients to the Alzheimer's Association. Our PDF resources can be printed or emailed directly to those affected by Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. Some resources are also available in Spanish. Jun 7, 2021 · June 07, 2021. Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Aduhelm (aducanumab) for the treatment of Alzheimer’s, a debilitating disease affecting 6.2 million Americans. Aduhelm was ... Nov 8, 2021 · The new Alzheimer's drug Aduhelm isn't reaching many patients. And doctors say reasons include its high cost, insurers' reluctance to cover it, and lingering questions about whether it actually ... Even though the chief cause of behavioral symptoms is the effect of Alzheimer's disease on the brain, an examination may reveal other treatable conditions that are contributing to the behavior. Contributing conditions may include: Drug side effects. Many people with Alzheimer's take prescription medications for other health issues. Medication to treat depression in Alzheimer's There are several types of antidepressants available to treat depression. Antidepressants called Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are often used for people with Alzheimer's and depression because they have a lower risk than some other antidepressants of causing interactions with other ... Aug 7, 2023 · Cost of New Alzheimer's Drugs. Other issues that have been cited by some experts include the possibly prohibitive price tag: while biogen has reduced the original cost by nearly 50%, aducanumab ... Simplify medications. Justify every medication; Eliminate redundancies and duplications; Pharmacies can blister-pack medications for easy identification and compliance; Reduction in drug passes may reduce errors and caregiver or care partner burden; Pharmacological treatment. Current medications cannot cure Alzheimer’s disease.A better approach to treatment. Recently, researchers at Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry in New York studied the effectiveness of a new home-delivered therapy called Problem Adaptation Therapy, or PATH, in participants with depression and dementia or mild cognitive impairment. In the PATH intervention, therapists meet with the ...Drugmaker reverses course, plans to seek FDA approval for Alzheimer's treatment. In July 2020, Biogen completed its submission to the FDA for a Biologics License Application for approval of the drug.As a result of FDA’s approval of Aduhelm, patients with Alzheimer’s disease have an important and critical new treatment to help combat this disease. FDA will continue to monitor Aduhelm as it ... Dementia can’t be cured, but several medications can help control some of its symptoms. Learn about 4 common dementia medications here. Also discover why drugs for Alzheimer’s disease may be ...Non-drug approaches to changes in mood and behaviour. It is common for people with dementia to develop changes in mood and behaviour. In most cases, with the right person-centred care and support, these changes will pass. Non-drug approaches that should always be tried first. Read more. Jul 7, 2023 · Broad Medicare coverage of Leqembi and similar types of medications to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease will probably have a big impact on the program’s spending. January 06, 2023. Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Leqembi (lecanemab-irmb) via the Accelerated Approval pathway for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Leqembi is the ...Create a calm place for them. Cut out background noise from the TV or radio, clear away clutter, and make their daily tasks as simple as possible. Check for physical reasons they might be agitated ...The truth is that medications are available that may help treat symptoms. Although these drugs don’t work for everyone, they offer some hope for the more than 6 million people who have AD. Treatment for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. There are three FDA-approved drugs available to treat symptoms due to mild to moderate AD. Huperzine A. Huperzine A (pronounced HOOP-ur-zeen) is a moss extract that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. It has properties similar to those of cholinesterase inhibitors, one class of FDA-approved Alzheimer's medications. As a result, it is promoted as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Aug 30, 2023 · It's characterized by changes in the brain that lead to deposits of certain proteins. Alzheimer's disease causes the brain to shrink and brain cells to eventually die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a gradual decline in memory, thinking, behavior and social skills. These changes affect a person's ability to function. Lecanemab is an investigational drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease developed jointly by pharmaceutical companies Eisai and Biogen. Lecanemab is a type of drug called a monoclonal ...May 17, 2017 · People with Alzheimer’s disease may become agitated or aggressive as the disease gets worse. Agitation means that a person is restless or worried. He or she doesn’t seem to be able to settle down. Agitation may cause pacing, sleeplessness, or aggression, which is when a person lashes out verbally or tries to hit or hurt someone. Aducanumab (Aduhelm®) has received accelerated approval as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Aducanumab was the first therapy to demonstrate that removing beta-amyloid, one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease, from the brain reduces cognitive and functional decline in people living ... There is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s disease. As well as medications, there are non-drug interventions that aim to delay the loss of mental abilities, to help people stay independent in everyday life for as long as possible, and to increase their wellbeing and quality of life.FDA-approved drugs for Alzheimer's. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved medications that fall into two categories: drugs that change disease progression in people living with Alzheimer’s, and drugs that may temporarily mitigate some symptoms of the disease. Treatments may be available in different forms (pill, patch or ...Jun 7, 2021 · June 07, 2021. Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Aduhelm (aducanumab) for the treatment of Alzheimer’s, a debilitating disease affecting 6.2 million Americans. Aduhelm was ... There are three drugs of this type: donepezil ( Aricept ), galantamine ( Razadyne ), and rivastigmine ( Exelon ). Aricept is the only treatment approved by the FDA for all stages of Alzheimer’s ...Jun 7, 2021 · FDA approves first new Alzheimer's drug in nearly two decades, raising hopes despite skepticism 04:09 The need for new drugs to treat the disease is "urgent," Dr. Cavazzoni said. FDA approves first new Alzheimer's drug in nearly two decades, raising hopes despite skepticism 04:09 The need for new drugs to treat the disease is "urgent," Dr. Cavazzoni said.Antipsychotic medications can treat dementia symptoms such as aggression or psychosis. But these drugs can cause serious side effects. ... Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia ...Dec 3, 2021 · Manage medications. Some antidepressant medications, such as bupropion and venlafaxine, can lead to insomnia. Cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil, can improve cognitive and behavioral symptoms in people with Alzheimer's but also can cause insomnia. If the person with dementia is taking these kinds of medications, talk to the doctor. The medication memantine (Namenda), for instance, may help people with later-stage Alzheimer’s maintain the ability to use the bathroom independently for several extra months. ( 2 )The development and approval of Leqembi, the first FDA-approved medication proven to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, is a milestone. But there is a need to develop drugs with ...Jun 1, 2020 · Whether you’re caring for someone with Alzheimer’s disease or another dementia diagnosis, medication can help keep individuals calm and reduce their stress and anxiety. Let’s take a closer look at the different types of drugs that are used in Alzheimer’s care and other dementia cases. Preventing Pain Jun 13, 2023 · Some medications have serious side effects and are associated with a higher rate of death in people with dementia; these include certain antipsychotic medications, which should be closely managed. In addition, carbidopa/levodopa, a drug commonly prescribed for people with Lewy body dementia, can cause or worsen hallucinations. May 17, 2017 · People with Alzheimer’s disease may become agitated or aggressive as the disease gets worse. Agitation means that a person is restless or worried. He or she doesn’t seem to be able to settle down. Agitation may cause pacing, sleeplessness, or aggression, which is when a person lashes out verbally or tries to hit or hurt someone. Examples of medications used to treat sleep changes include: Tricyclic antidepressants, such as nortriptyline. Benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam, oxazepam and temazepam. “Sleeping pills” such as zolpidem, zaleplon and chloral hydrate. “Atypical” antipsychotics such as risperidone, olanzapine and quetiapine.There may not be an obvious cause. But many times, there are triggers you can spot before or during a problem. Common ones include: Discomfort from lack of sleep, side effects from medication, or ... Aug 7, 2023 · Cost of New Alzheimer's Drugs. Other issues that have been cited by some experts include the possibly prohibitive price tag: while biogen has reduced the original cost by nearly 50%, aducanumab ... Whether you’re caring for someone with Alzheimer’s disease or another dementia diagnosis, medication can help keep individuals calm and reduce their stress and anxiety. Let’s take a closer look at the different types of drugs that are used in Alzheimer’s care and other dementia cases. Preventing PainLeqembi, from drugmakers Eisai and Biogen, is the first medication that's been shown to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease, including declines in memory and thinking, by targeting the ...Dementia Alzheimer's Disease Print Medications for Alzheimer's Disease Other names: Presenile Dementia; SDAT; Senile dementia Alzheimer's Type A progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterised by loss of function and death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain leading to loss of cognitive function such as memory and language.Drug approval process for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer Society of Canada. Get the full picture of how a drug gets approved for public use in Canada, including a list of the currently approved medications that can treat the symptoms of Alzheimer's. Treatment options. Alzheimer Society of Canada.Whether you’re caring for someone with Alzheimer’s disease or another dementia diagnosis, medication can help keep individuals calm and reduce their stress and anxiety. Let’s take a closer look at the different types of drugs that are used in Alzheimer’s care and other dementia cases. Preventing PainThe development and approval of Leqembi, the first FDA-approved medication proven to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, is a milestone. But there is a need to develop drugs with ...Lecanemab is an investigational drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease developed jointly by pharmaceutical companies Eisai and Biogen. Lecanemab is a type of drug called a monoclonal ...May 17, 2017 · People with Alzheimer’s disease may become agitated or aggressive as the disease gets worse. Agitation means that a person is restless or worried. He or she doesn’t seem to be able to settle down. Agitation may cause pacing, sleeplessness, or aggression, which is when a person lashes out verbally or tries to hit or hurt someone. This can help keep a person with dementia on track regarding taking the correct medications. The Alzheimer’s Association states that doctors may prescribe lorazepam and oxazepam to treat anxiety ...Jun 22, 2022 · For instance, a 2021 research study conducted in Barcelona, Spain was able to reverse Alzheimer’s disease in mice using medications commonly used to treat inflammation and high blood pressure in ... 3 commonly prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors: Aricept (donepezil) is approved for all stages of Alzheimer’s. Exelon (rivastigmine) is approved for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s. Razadyne (galantamine) is approved for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and increased frequency of bowel ... As a result of FDA’s approval of Aduhelm, patients with Alzheimer’s disease have an important and critical new treatment to help combat this disease. FDA will continue to monitor Aduhelm as it ...Get a copy Order by post. There are four medications approved in the UK to ease a person’s dementia symptoms, including memory and thinking problems: donepezil. rivastigmine. galantamine. memantine. These treatments are only effective for people with Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson’s disease dementia, and mixed ... People with Alzheimer’s disease may become agitated or aggressive as the disease gets worse. Agitation means that a person is restless or worried. He or she doesn’t seem to be able to settle down. Agitation may cause pacing, sleeplessness, or aggression, which is when a person lashes out verbally or tries to hit or hurt someone.Jul 29, 2022 · This can help keep a person with dementia on track regarding taking the correct medications. The Alzheimer’s Association states that doctors may prescribe lorazepam and oxazepam to treat anxiety ... Aug 30, 2023 · Some of the treatments that have been studied recently include: Vitamin E. Although vitamin E doesn't prevent Alzheimer's, taking 2,000 international units daily may help delay symptoms getting worse in people who ... Omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids in fish or from supplements may lower the ... Aug 30, 2023 · Some of the treatments that have been studied recently include: Vitamin E. Although vitamin E doesn't prevent Alzheimer's, taking 2,000 international units daily may help delay symptoms getting worse in people who ... Omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids in fish or from supplements may lower the ... Aug 10, 2021 · On the Horizon. As we enter the decade of the 2020s, a new group of medications will be proposed for the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Unlike their predecessors, these are considered to be “disease-modifying” medications capable of altering the course of Alzheimer’s Disease’s progression. The first of these, aducanumab, currently ... Evidence Summary. A 2018 meta-analysis examining medications used to alleviate agitation in all types of dementia included 36 RCTs with a total of 5,585 participants (mean age = 81.8 years ± 4.9 ...Aug 10, 2021 · On the Horizon. As we enter the decade of the 2020s, a new group of medications will be proposed for the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Unlike their predecessors, these are considered to be “disease-modifying” medications capable of altering the course of Alzheimer’s Disease’s progression. The first of these, aducanumab, currently ... Galantamine (Razadyne): This drug is used to prevent or slow the symptoms of mild to moderate AD. It comes as a tablet, extended-release capsule, or oral solution (liquid). Memantine (Namenda ...There are three types of cholinesterase inhibitor medications currently approved and prescribed to treat Alzheimer's disease: Aricept (donepezil): Approved for mild, moderate, and severe Alzheimer's. Exelon (rivastigmine): Approved for mild to moderate Alzheimer's. Razadyne (galantamine): Approved for mild to moderate Alzheimer's.Broad Medicare coverage of Leqembi and similar types of medications to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease will probably have a big impact on the program’s spending.

Dec 3, 2021 · Manage medications. Some antidepressant medications, such as bupropion and venlafaxine, can lead to insomnia. Cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil, can improve cognitive and behavioral symptoms in people with Alzheimer's but also can cause insomnia. If the person with dementia is taking these kinds of medications, talk to the doctor. . Oxycodone acetaminophen 5 325

medication for alzheimer

Alzheimer's and dementia medications – overview of cholinesterase inhibitors (Aricept, Exelon, ... Non-drug approaches to changes in mood and behaviour. It is common for people with dementia to develop changes in mood and behaviour. In most cases, with the right person-centred care and support, these changes will pass. Non-drug approaches that should always be tried first. Read more.Oct 12, 2021 · Learn about prescription drugs and other strategies to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Find out about medicines to avoid and take with caution. Return to top FDA-approved drugs for Alzheimer's. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved medications that fall into two categories: drugs that change disease progression in people living with Alzheimer’s, and drugs that may temporarily mitigate some symptoms of the disease. Treatments may be available in different forms (pill, patch or ... The truth is that medications are available that may help treat symptoms. Although these drugs don’t work for everyone, they offer some hope for the more than 6 million people who have AD. Treatment for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. There are three FDA-approved drugs available to treat symptoms due to mild to moderate AD.Simplify medications. Justify every medication; Eliminate redundancies and duplications; Pharmacies can blister-pack medications for easy identification and compliance; Reduction in drug passes may reduce errors and caregiver or care partner burden; Pharmacological treatment. Current medications cannot cure Alzheimer’s disease. Leqembi, from drugmakers Eisai and Biogen, is the first medication that's been shown to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease, including declines in memory and thinking, by targeting the ...Whether you’re caring for someone with Alzheimer’s disease or another dementia diagnosis, medication can help keep individuals calm and reduce their stress and anxiety. Let’s take a closer look at the different types of drugs that are used in Alzheimer’s care and other dementia cases. Preventing PainIn the early stages of Alzheimer's, the person with dementia may need help remembering to take medications. As a caregiver, you may find it helpful to: Use a pill box organizer. Using a pill box or keeping a daily list or calendar can help ensure medication is taken as prescribed. Develop a routine for giving the medication.Aug 14, 2018 · Galantamine (Razadyne): This drug is used to prevent or slow the symptoms of mild to moderate AD. It comes as a tablet, extended-release capsule, or oral solution (liquid). Memantine (Namenda ... Drugs to treat the cognitive symptoms of dementia A number of drugs are currently available in Australia for use by people with dementia. These drugs fall into two categories, cholinergic treatments and Memantine. Cholinergic Cholinergic treatments offer some relief from the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease for some people for a limited time.Aug 30, 2023 · Strategies aimed at beta-amyloid include: Recruiting the immune system. Medicines known as monoclonal antibodies may prevent beta-amyloid from clumping into plaques. They also may remove ... Preventing destruction. A medicine initially developed as a possible cancer treatment — saracatinib — is now ... Broad Medicare coverage of Leqembi and similar types of medications to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease will probably have a big impact on the program’s spending.Medications are one option. Adlarity (donepezil patches) and Aduhelm (aducanumab) have made headlines recently, but several other medications treat Alzheimer’s-related dementia. A 30-day supply of donepezil tablets, the most common medication for Alzheimer’s-related dementia, costs as low as $4 with a free GoodRx coupon.Huperzine A. Huperzine A (pronounced HOOP-ur-zeen) is a moss extract that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. It has properties similar to those of cholinesterase inhibitors, one class of FDA-approved Alzheimer's medications. As a result, it is promoted as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease.Create a calm place for them. Cut out background noise from the TV or radio, clear away clutter, and make their daily tasks as simple as possible. Check for physical reasons they might be agitated ... Create a calm place for them. Cut out background noise from the TV or radio, clear away clutter, and make their daily tasks as simple as possible. Check for physical reasons they might be agitated ...It is the first approved treatment to attack the disease process of Alzheimer’s instead of just addressing dementia symptoms. Biogen, its manufacturer, announced Monday afternoon that the list ...Downloadable Resources for Patients and Caregivers. Educate and connect patients to the Alzheimer's Association. Our PDF resources can be printed or emailed directly to those affected by Alzheimer's disease or other dementias. Some resources are also available in Spanish..

Popular Topics